Mawonedwe: 0 Wolemba: Mkonzi Watsamba Nthawi Yosindikiza: 2025-07-07 Poyambira: Tsamba
Mphepete mwa tibial ndi imodzi mwa malo omwe amapezeka kwambiri a fractures, omwe amawerengera 13.7% ya fractures zonse m'thupi. The distal tibia ili ndi mawonekedwe a anatomical monga kuperewera kwa magazi ndi kuphimba kochepa kwa minofu yofewa. Kuthyoka kukachitika, kuwonongeka kwa minofu yofewa komanso kusokonezeka kwamagazi am'deralo kumatha kukulitsa vuto la machiritso a fracture. Kuonjezera apo, kuthekera kwakukulu kwa fractures ya fibular nthawi imodzi ndi kusakhazikika kumapangitsa kusankha njira yoyenera yopangira opaleshoni.
Chigawo chapakati chapakati mpaka kumtunda kwa tibial shaft ndi katatu, pamene chachitatu chapansi ndi quadrilateral. Kuphatikizika kwa magawo atatu apakati ndi otsika kumakhala kocheperako ndipo kumayimira kusintha kwa mawonekedwe, kupangitsa kukhala malo wamba ophwanyika.
Gawo lachitatu lakutsogolo la tibia limakutidwa ndi khungu lopanda kuphimba minofu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ming'alu yotseguka pomwe zidutswa za mafupa zimaboola pakhungu. Ngakhale m'mitsempha yotsekedwa, ma fractures ambiri a tibial amatsagana ndi kuwonongeka kwa khungu ndi minofu ya subcutaneous. Pakati pa tibia alibe kuphimba kwa minofu, ndipo pali zigawo zinayi za fascial zozungulira tibia ndi fibula. Chiwopsezo cha compartment syndrome ndipamwamba kwambiri mu tibial fractures poyerekeza ndi fractures zina.
Gulu la manambala la AO/OTA lachiarabu limatchula kuti tibial shaft fractures ngati 4 (tibia) 2 (shaft). Mtundu A umagwirizana ndi fractures yosavuta yokhala ndi mzere umodzi wosweka, womwe ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri. Zothyoka za mtundu wa B zimakhala ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono kooneka ngati mphero. Mitundu ya C yosweka imayamba chifukwa cha kupwetekedwa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu ndipo imaphwanyidwa mwapang'onopang'ono.
Type I: Kutalika kwa chilonda kuchepera 1 cm, nthawi zambiri kumakhala koboola bwino kwambiri komwe nsonga ya fupa imatuluka pakhungu. Kuwonongeka kwa minofu yofewa ndikochepa, popanda kuvulala kophwanyidwa. Mphunoyo ndi yophweka, yopingasa, kapena yaifupi oblique, popanda comminution.
Mtundu Wachiwiri: Chilonda chimaposa 1 masentimita, ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa minofu yofewa koma palibe kuphulika kapena kupangika. Minofu yofewa imawonetsa kuvulala pang'ono mpaka pang'ono, kuipitsidwa pang'ono, komanso kuphulika kwapang'onopang'ono.
Mtundu wa IIIA: Ngakhale kuvulazidwa kwakukulu kapena kupangika kwa chiphuphu, kapena kupwetekedwa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwa bala, pali kuphimba kokwanira kwa minofu yofewa pa fracture.
Mtundu IIIB: Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa minofu yofewa ndi kutayika, ndi kuvula kwa periosteal ndi fupa lowonekera, limodzi ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu.
Mtundu IIIC: Wokhudzana ndi kuvulala kwapakhosi komwe kumafunikira kukonzedwa.
Mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito opaleshoni a tibial fractures amaphatikizapo zitsulo, pulasitala kunja kwa fixation, traction, kuchepetsa pamanja, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafelemu opangira kunja. Njira zopangira opaleshoni zimaphatikizapo kukhazikika kwa mbale zokhoma komanso kukhomerera kwa intramedullary, pakati pa ena.
Intramedullary nailing fixation imayamikiridwa ndi madokotala ambiri ovulala mafupa chifukwa cha njira yake yosavuta yopangira opaleshoni, ting'onoting'ono tating'ono, kuvulala kochepa, komanso kuchotsa msomali mosavuta pambuyo pochira. Amapereka kukhazikika kwamkati kwamphamvu, kulola kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi koyambirira pambuyo pa opaleshoni ndikupewa zovuta zam'deralo komanso zadongosolo. Zopindulitsa izi zimagwirizana ndi mfundo za AO za chithandizo.
Anterior oblique kudula kumapeto kwa proximal kumalepheretsa kukwiya kwa patellar ligament.
Mapangidwe a proximal locking amawonjezera kukhazikika komwe kumafunikira kwachidutswa cha proximal.
Njira yotseka ya distal oblique kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwa minofu yofewa ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika kwachidutswa cha distal.
Locking screw yopangidwa ndi ulusi wotsogolera pawiri kuti ikhale yosavuta kuyika.
Mapangidwe okhoma kuti akhazikike mwamphamvu, kuchepetsa kusuntha kwachidutswa cha postoperative.
Mfundo zambiri zowonongeka zimapereka kukhazikika kwa angular ndi chithandizo chokhazikika cha tibial palteau.
Chipangizochi chimakhala ndi ntchito yosinthika yosinthika, ndi kusintha kwake kwa morphological komwe kumawonetsedwa m'mafanizo pansi pazigawo zonse za pre-compress (loose state) ndi post-compression (zokhazikika).
Njira zambiri zosinthira kuchokera ku proximal ndi distal, zimawonetsa kuphulika kopitilira muyeso ndi distal tibial fractures.
Mapeto akutali a msomali waukulu ali ndi mawonekedwe athyathyathya, omwe amathandizira kulowetsa mosavuta mumkati mwa medula.
Zomangira ziwiri za angular zotsekera kumapeto kwa proximal zimalepheretsa kuzungulira ndikusuntha kwa gawo losweka.
Kupindika kwapadera kwa anatomical kumatsimikizira kuti msomali waukulu umakhala bwino mkati mwa medullary cavity.
Zomangira zitatu zotchingira ma angles kumapeto kwa distal zimapereka chithandizo komanso kukonza bwino.
Oyenera kuphulika kwa tibial shaft (midshaft ndi ma distal / proximal fractures), pamene mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, DTN kapena Expert Nail) imapangidwira zigawo za anatomical kapena fractures zovuta.
Njira yokhazikika (parapatellar kapena transpatellar) imatsatira njira yokhazikitsidwa bwino ndi njira yochepetsera yophunzirira, pamene njira zapadera (mwachitsanzo, suprapatellar) zimafuna maphunziro owonjezera aukadaulo.
Poyerekeza ndi misomali yapadera monga Katswiri Nail kapena DTN, misomali yokhazikika ya tibial intramedullary nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika mtengo, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera pamilandu wamba.
Imagwirizana ndi zida zapadziko lonse lapansi (mwachitsanzo, zomangira zotsekera, zida zolozera), pomwe misomali yapadera (mwachitsanzo, Katswiri Msomali wokhala ndi makina otsekera amitundu ingapo) angafunike zida za eni ake.
| Type | Best Zizindikiro | Kore Ubwino |
|---|---|---|
| Katswiri Nail | Kuthyoka kwa shaft zovuta, osteoporosis | Mipikisano plannar loko, mkulu bata |
| Suprapatellar Nail | Proximal fractures, odwala onenepa | Njira ya Suprapatellar, imachepetsa zovuta zamabondo zam'mbuyo |
| DTN | Distal fractures (pafupi ndi ankle joint) | Multidirectional distal locking, imakana kufupikitsa |
| Standard Nail | Mid-shaft yosavuta fractures | Ntchito yosavuta, yotsika mtengo |
Zida Zobowola : Zimaphatikizapo zobowola, ma reamers, ndi zida zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola mafupa.
Zida Zowunikira : Zida zoikira ndikuwongolera pobowola kapena kuyika, monga mawaya owongolera, manja owongolera, ndi zida zolozera.
Zida Zokonzera : Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza, kutseka, kapena kukonza zoyikapo, monga zolumikizira zapadziko lonse lapansi, ma wrenches, zomangira, ndi nyundo.
Zida Zoyezera : Zida zoyezera kuya, kuika, kapena kuthandizira opaleshoni, monga zozama zakuya, mphamvu zochepetsera, ndi mafupa a mafupa (AWL).
Kuyesa Kuyesa: Preoperative X-ray / CT kutsimikizira mtundu wa fracture, medullary canal diameter ndi kutalika, ndi kuyeza kwa contralateral tibia monga kufotokozera.
Kuyimilira: Kuyika kwapamwamba ndi kupindika kwa bondo 90 ° -120 ° ndi kutsika pang'ono kwa chiuno (kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa patellar tendon). Chojambula chowoneka bwino cha katatu chikhoza kuthandizira popliteal fossa kuti agwire.
Wosabala Kukoka: Kutsekereza miyendo ndi kukokera, kuonetsetsa kuyenda kwa C-mkono.
Manual Traction: Wothandizira amagwiritsa ntchito kukopa kwautali pamene dokotala wa opaleshoni amagwedeza tibial crest ndi anteromedial surface kuti asinthe makonzedwe (kutalika, kuzungulira, kung'ung'udza).
Zothandizira:
Njira ya Joystick: Zomangira za Schanz zoyikidwa mu zidutswa za proximal/distal kuti muchepetse lever.
Percutaneous Clamping: Mphamvu zochepetsera zowoneka bwino za ma oblique/spiral fractures.
Chosokoneza: Chosokoneza chachikulu choyikidwa pa coronally (proximal Schanz screw parallel to tibial plateau, distal pin in talus kapena distal tibia) kuti ikhale yayitali.
Zizindikiro:
Malo olowera 1cm kutali mpaka m'mphepete mwa tibial plateau, yolumikizidwa ndi medullary axis.
Chitsimikizo cha Fluoroscopic: Mawonedwe a AP amagwirizana ndi tibial crest, lateral view ikufanana ndi tibial axis.
Zida Zotsegulira:
Kubowola m'zitini pamwamba pa waya wowongolera (wokhala ndi manja oteteza) kapena chiwongolero cholimba chopindika.
Zopangira manja (6-8mm) zothyoka zakale zokhala ndi kutsekeka kwa ngalande.
Kuyika kwa Wayaya Wowongolera: Waya wopindika wa nsonga za mpira wopindika 10-15mm kunsonga kuti aduke. Chitsimikizo cha fluoroscopic pa distal physeal scar (pakati pa akakolo).
Reaming Protocol:
Zosintha zosinthika zimayambira pa 8mm, kukulitsa 0.5mm mpaka kotekisi 'chatter' (nthawi zambiri 1-1.5mm> m'mimba mwake).
Chidziwitso: Kuchotsa kwakanthawi kumachotsa zinyalala; kupewa matenthedwe necrosis.
Kutsimikiza Utali:
Muyeso wa intraoperative: Njira yolumikizirana ndi Guidewire kapena rula ya fluoroscopic (malo olowera pachifundo cha akakolo).
Onetsetsani kuti nsonga ya msomali ifika pachilonda cha physeal popanda proximal protrusion.
Njira Yoyikira:
Dzanja-patsogolo pa guidewire; sinthani kuchepetsa ngati kukana kumachitika.
Yesetsani kuchepetsa panthawi yodutsa kwa distal fractures.
Njira Yotsatirira
Kuphulika kokhazikika kwautali: Kutsekeka koyambirira (kutsekera kamodzi kumalola mphamvu).
Kutalikira kosakhazikika/kuthyoka kwapang'onopang'ono: Kutseka kwakutali kumatsatiridwa ndi 'backslap' kuti compress.
Proximal Locking
≥2 zomangira pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cholozera (multidirectional for proximal fractures).
Kutseka kwa Distal
Njira ya Fluoroscopic: Beam wapakati perpendicular to screw holes ('perfect circle'), kubowola percutaneous.
≥2 zomangira za distal fractures (zikhoza kuphatikiza AP / oblique orientations).
Chovala Chomaliza: Kuyikapo mwachisawawa (kulepheretsa mafupa kulowa m'mitsempha), onetsetsani kuti palibe kutulutsa kolumikizana.
Kutsekeka kwa Zilonda: Kukonza minyewa ya patellar yokhala ndi ma sutures otayirira.
Kukonzanso Koyambirira:
Kukwera kwa miyendo; kuwunika kwa compartment syndrome mkati mwa maola 24.
Yambitsani kulimbikitsana kwapang'onopang'ono (mapampu a akakolo, kupindika mawondo) pa POD 1-2.
Ndondomeko Yolemetsa:
Kulemera pang'ono kwa masabata a 6 (kusinthidwa malinga ndi kukhazikika), kumapita patsogolo pamene callus ikuwonekera.
Kutsata: Kuunika kwachipatala / ma radiological pa 2, 6, ndi masabata a 12.
Likulu: Raynham, Massachusetts, USA
Zida Zamtundu:
Katswiri wa Tibial Nail (ETN) - Wopangidwa kuti azikhazikika m'mafupa ovuta a tibial.
T2 Tibial Nail - Imapereka kukhazikika kokhazikika komanso kupsinjika.
Mphamvu Zofunika: R&D yolimba, kugawa padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuphatikizana ndi mayankho owopsa.
Likulu: Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
Zida Zamtundu:
T2 Tibial Nail - Modular system ya tibial shaft fractures.
Gamma3 Tibial Nail - Imaphatikiza kukhomerera kwa intramedullary ndi zosankha zokhoma.
Mphamvu Zofunika: Ma robotiki apamwamba (Mako), mayankho osavutikira pang'ono, komanso mbiri yowopsa ya zoopsa.
Likulu: London, UK
Zida Zamtundu:
TRIGEN Tibial Nail - Yopangidwa kuti ikhale yosavuta kuyika komanso kukhazikika.
IM Tibial Nail - Intramedullary fixation ya tibial fractures.
Mphamvu Zofunika: Yang'anani kwambiri pamankhwala amasewera ndi zoopsa, zida zatsopano.
Likulu: Changzhou, China
Zida Zamtundu:
Distal Tibial Intramedullary Nail (DTN) - Wokometsedwa chifukwa cha fractures za distal.
Katswiri wa Tibia Intramedullary Nail - Mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a titaniyamu aloyi.
Njira ya Suprapatellar ya Tibial Intramedullary Nail - Kuyika kocheperako pang'ono.
Msomali wa Tibial Intramedullary - Zosintha zosiyanasiyana.
Mphamvu Zofunika: zothetsera zotsika mtengo, kukulitsa kupezeka kwapadziko lonse lapansi.
Likulu: Warsaw, Indiana, USA
Zida Zamtundu:
ZNN Tibial Nail - Mapangidwe a anatomic kuti akhale oyenera.
Natural Nail System - Imatsanzira zamafupa achilengedwe.
Mphamvu Zofunika: Zamphamvu pakumanganso limodzi, kuphatikiza kwa biologics, ndi mayankho amunthu.
Likulu: Lewisville, Texas, USA
Zida Zamtundu:
LON Tibial Nail (Lateral Orthopedic Nail) - Yopangidwira njira yolowera kutsogolo.
Mphamvu Zazikulu: Zapadera pakukondoweza kukula kwa mafupa, kuwongolera kupunduka kwa miyendo.
CZMEDITECH imapereka mayankho omveka bwino a misomali yapakatikati, yakutali, komanso yovuta, yokhala ndi mapangidwe atsopano (mwachitsanzo, kutseka kwanjira zingapo, njira ya suprapatellar) yofananira ndi otsogola padziko lonse lapansi mu biomechanics ndi zotsatira zachipatala.