ʻO nā haʻihaʻi hoʻoneʻe o ka humerus distal i nā pākeke he pilikia paʻakikī ma muli o ke anatomy paʻakikī o ka hui kuʻekuʻe, nā ʻāpana haʻi liʻiliʻi, a me ka nui o ka iwi subchondral. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kolamu ʻaoʻao a me waena o ka humerus distal i kahi paʻa triangular paʻa.

No ka loaʻa hou ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā osteoporotic a i ʻole comminuted fractures, ʻo ka ʻenehana pāʻani like no ka mālama ʻana i nā haʻihaʻi humeral distal e hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kumu o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā haʻihaʻi distal. ʻO ke kī i ka paʻa o kēia hoʻonohonoho hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻo ia ka th

ʻO nā haʻihaʻi periprosthetic o ka femur proximal kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi i ka hip arthroplasty. ʻO ka maʻi i hōʻike ʻia he 3.5% 20 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻokomo mua ʻana a hoʻonui ʻia me ka ulu ʻana o nā pani pani. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā haʻihaʻi intraoperative me nā kumu i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, fra

ʻO nā haʻihaʻi o ka radius distal kekahi o nā haʻihaʻi maʻamau i ka poʻe ʻelemakule. ʻO ka poʻe ma waena o nā makahiki 50 a me 75 i kēia manawa i wehewehe ʻia he ʻelemakule. Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka nui o nā haʻihaʻi radius distal i kēlā me kēia makahiki e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe ʻelemakule.

ʻO ka meniscus he fibrocartilage meniscus me kahi ʻāpana triangular i loaʻa ma waena o ka condyle tibial a me ka pāpū, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ai i ka hui ʻana o ka femoro-tibial a hoʻokani i kahi kuleana nui i ka dynamics hui kuli.